Immunization with Vaccines
نویسنده
چکیده
World demand for high quality protein foods has stimulated a rapid development of intensive iish culture techniques. Inherent with the intensive rearing of fish are related problems of high loading densities, declining water quality, adequate diets, handling, and disease control. Man has only recently recognized the threat imposed by disease and its limitation on economic development of the aquaculture industry (Roberts 1978). When confronted with a disease problem, the producer has had essentially only two expensive and potentially devastating options at bis disposal: a) antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment of fish (which could affect palatability of food and may result in the development of resistant strains of bacteria); and b) destruction of all fish at the station followed by thorough hatchery disinfection and reintroduction of disease-free stock. Both the producer and the fish health specialist appreciate that while some chemotherapeutants for controlling disease have proved very successful, the availability of registered drugs and chemotherapeutics is decreasing. In recent years, a new technique for the prevention of fish diseases is rapidly emerging as a result of research into the development of fish vaccines. Fish immunology has a more recent history than human and veterinary immunology but the techniques used are similar. However, methods of administering vaccines to fish differ and are dependent upon species, pathogen, temperature, and environment (Anderson 1974). Immunity is an important physiological mechanism in animals for protection against infectious disease agents and the maintenance of internal homeostasis (Ingram 1979). Work by Duff (1942) involving the oral immunization of cutthroat trout against furunculosis provided the first evidence that fish possess an immune
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